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Julius Schiller |
Coelum Stellatum Christianum, Augusta Vindelicorum 1627 |
Julius Schiller
Coelum Stellatum Christianum
Coelum Stellatum Christianum Concavum
Augusta 1627
http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/astro_atlas/id/1142/show/1028/rec/8
Testo per cortesia di
W. P. Watson Antiquarian Books
First
edition, a unique copy with two extra suites of the star maps in counterproof,
including one suite before the addition of the constellation figures. This
magnificent atlas is a combination of two issues, together with an even rarer
suite of counterproof maps in the second, finished state. Schiller's great
Christianised star atlas was a part of the Counter-Reformation attempt to
de-paganise the heavens and substitute Judeo-Christian imagery believed to be
conducive to piety. For example, the twelve zodiacal signs became the twelve
apostles.
Schiller's maps are distinguished by a good graduation of stellar magnitudes,
three new stars, and several newly discovered nebulae. 'While some of these,
seen through newly invented telescopes, have since proven to be ghosts, others
proved true. The most interesting of these objects is the great nebula in
Andromeda, now known as M31. This object, clearly visible to the naked eye, was
not reported by Ptolemy, and it was apparently not noticed by any of the
medieval or Renaissance astronomers whose work followed from his. Nor,
surprisingly, was it noted by Tycho Brahe, even though he had observed a great
many non-Ptolemaic stars ...
'In considering Schiller's atlas it is convenient to distinguish between the
scientific content and the religious orientation. Viewed simply as a collection
of celestial maps it was the best available until Hevelius published his atlas
60 years later. Schiller was not himself an astronomer, but a cartographer who
used the observations of others. His atlas, essentially a revision of Bayer's
Uranometria, was based on the latest - the most extensive and the most accurate
- astronomical information. Among his authorities were Tycho Brahe, Franciscus
Pissero's revision of Tycho's catalogue as published by Grienberger, Galileo's
telescopic observations of the Pleiades, and Simon Marius' telescopic
observations of the Andromeda nebula. Kepler, it must be remembered, had not yet
issued the expanded version of Tycho's catalogue and it was not apparent that he
would ever do so (in fact, the Tabulae Rudolphinae appeared in the same year,
1627).
'Schiller's atlas was the outcome of the ideas and work of several men,
extending over a quarter of a century. The need for a new atlas, with revised
star positions and constellations, was discussed by Bayer, Schiller, and Raymond
Minderer, a doctor of medicine also at Augsburg. Bayer then undertook the
astronomical revisions while Schiller, in correspondence with the Jesuits Johann
Baptist Cysat, Paul Guldin, and Matthew Rader, converted the Greco-Roman
constellations into Judeo-Christian ones. Wilhelm Schickard, the astronomer and
professor of Oriental languages at Tübingen, supplied the Arabic letters and
star and constellation names. Kaspar Schecks positioned the stars on the copper
plates, Johann Mathias Kager drew the constellation figures, and Lucas Kilian
engraved them. Finally Jacob Bartsch [Kepler's son-in-law] supplied various
astronomical tables and, after Schiller's death, supervised publication' (Warner).
One issue of this atlas is known to contain only the counterproofs to the plates,
before the addition of the Christian figures and with varying amounts of text,
under the title Coelum stellatum Christianum concavum, i.e. depicting the stars
as seen from the earth, rather than as projected onto a celestial globe. Copies
with both suites of plates are rare: the Honeyman copy, for example, contained
only the first suite. Our copy has the original maps printed directly from the
copperplates, a suite thereof printed as counterproofs, and counterproofs 'avant
l'image'; before the Christian and other figures had been added. The
counterproof suite with the figures is unrecorded. The counterproof images show
the stars as we see them (geocentric); the original impressions show the sky as
imagined on a stellar globe (external). The geocentric series of maps 'were
struck after the coordinates, stars, and star identifications had been engraved,
but before the constellation figures had been added. The production of a
counterproof map is a two-step process; after the paper print is made from the
engraved copper plate, and while the ink is still wet, a second print is made
from the first one. This second print, or counterproof, thus resembles the
original metal plate, and both of these are mirror images of the first paper
print' (Warner).
The two hemispheres, here each bound in thrice (once as counterproof 'avant l'image')
were republished by Cellarius in 1660. In that printing they reached wider
circulation, than did Schiller's first edition.
Vai alla tavola del Bartsch che collega i nomi cristiani delle costellazioni con quelli classici
I due emisferi del cielo cristiano di Schiller come sono rappresentati dal Cellario in Atlas coelestis seu armonia macrocosmica del 1661
Consulta le pagine del Cellario a commento delle tavole relative al Cielo Cristiano
Le due tavole originali di Schiller
Tabula I
http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/astro_atlas/id/1142/show/1028/rec/8
Tabula II
http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/astro_atlas/id/1142/show/1028/rec/8
Le altre tavole del Coelum Christianum Stellatum del 1627
seguite dalle relative tavole prive del disegno della costellazione
come appaiono in
Coelum Stellatum Christianum Concavum
Parte prima, le costellazioni settentrionali
Constellatio I Constellatio II Constellatio III
Constellatio IV Constellatio Va Constellatio Vb
Constellatio VI Constellatio VII Constellatio VIII
Constellatio IX Constellatio X Constellatio XI
Constellatio XII Constellatio XIII cum XIV
Constellatio XV et XVI Constellatio XVII et XVIII
Constellatio XIX Constellatio XX
Parte seconda, le costellazioni dell'eclittica
Constellatio XXII Constellatio XXIII
Constellatio XXIV Constellatio XXV Constellatio XXVI
Constellatio XXVII Constellatio XXVIII Constellatio XXIX
Constellatio XXX Constellatio XXXI Constellatio XXXII
Parte terza, le costellazioni meridionali
Per cortesia di
e retro relativo a
Constellatio XXXVI
Constellatio XXXVI Constellatio XXXVIIa et XXXVIIb Constellatio XXXVIII
Constellatio XXXIX Constellatio XL Constellatio XLI
Constellatio XLII cum XLIII Constellatio XLIV
Constellatio XLV Constellatio XLVI et XLVII
Constellatio XLVIII Constellatio XLIX Constellatio L
Constellatio LI et LII Constellatio LIII Constellatio LIV et ultima
Gli Emisferi
e in Coelum Stellatum Christianum Convexum
https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/wihibe/content/zoom/2434335
Per cortesia di
esamina
https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2017rosen1317/?sp=1&st=gallery
Sempre nel 1627 Schiller diede alle stampe l'edizione del Coelum Stellatum Christianum Convexum composto dalle sole tavole stellari prive del disegno del personaggio mitologico e costruite in proiezione convessa
https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/wihibe/content/zoom/2434335
http://www.atlascoelestis.com/schi%20x.htm
di
Felice Stoppa